Book/Article and Internet/Web Research

Book/Article Research:

Key:

• Red : Author-Year-Title-Place-Publisher
• Blue: Quotes (and Page References)
• Green: Explanation
• M G Durham - 2009 - THE LOLITA EFFECT - United Kingdom - Duckworth Overlook
• "In India, for example, make-up sales rose from $2.3 millions in 1997 to $14 million in 2005, and sales of hair care products generate $19.3 million, according to the market research from Euromonitor." page 106
• Explains the rude of make-up/hair products in only a short amount of years -can investigate how and why that has happened
• "50 Cent's "Ayo Technology," T.I.'s "You Know What It Is," and Maroon 5's "Wake Up Call" - all contain images of female strippers performing for fully dressed male viewers; all of the representation of women in these videos conform to the porno version of sexuality that involves skimpy clothing or strippin and sexual servitude to me, while the lyrics establish the men's voracious desire of those women." Page 75
• Explains how women are seen to make a music video popular and also how lyrics potray them
• " Disney cartoon heroines - Ariel in The Little Mermaid, Jasmine in Aladdin, Pocahontas in the film of that name- are frequently scantily clad, and their body proportions mimic those of centrefolds (Pocahontas has been called a "buckskin Barbie" by one critic), with large breasts, wasp waists, long legs. The corresponding male cartoon characters, of course, are fully clothed. The core message is not hard to recognize: if you're female, your desirability is contingent on blatant body display." Page 77
• Explains that even cartoons are seen as beautiful IF they have less clothes on. less clothes = more popular
• Dan Laughey - 2009 - Media Studies Theories and Approaches - United Kingdom - Kamera Books
• "It would take another book to cover all the music, films, TV shows ,websites and other media that they stirred up a public storm about their potentially harmful effects. From Elvis Presely's gyrating hips (his first televised performances where shot from the waist up to avoid complaints about indecency) to the child's play 3 (1991) copycat murder of a two-year-old; from role-play game Doom's (1993) alleged influence on high-school shootings to emo music's association with teen-suicide packs; from junk food advertisements to online pedophilia - the lists of suspects is considerable." Page 34
• The influence of media on the audience from films
• "Labels are placed on individuals and groups by the rest of us in response to all sorts of actions and behavior. The boundaries between normal and deviant, lawful and criminal, good and evil are established by this kind of 'social consensus' view. But in practice, social consensus is not entirely democratic. Some individuals and institutions within any society have greater power than other to react to situations, voice their opinions and attach labels to others. Politicians, magistrates, senior police officers, bishops, head-teachers and 'spokes people' of various kind are just some of those given the privileged position of shaping social reaction to  particular event or problem." 
• Moral panics caused by who makes it an issue - moral panics of plastic surgery, crime etc
  
• Chas Critcher - 2006 - Critical Readings: Moral Panics and the Media - United Kingdom - Open University Press
• "First their must be a heightened level of concern over the behavior of a certain group or category and the consequences that the behavior presumably causes the rest of the society"
• Definition
• "Societies appear to be subject, every now and then, to periods of moral panic. A condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values an interests; its nature is presented in a stylized and stereotypical fashion by he mass media; the moral barricades and manned by editors, bishops, politicians and other right-thinking people; socially accredited experts pronounce their diagnoses and solutions ways of coping are evolved or (more often) resorted to; the condition then disappears, submerges or deteriorates  and becomes more visible. 
• why is it moral panic and how
• Chris Newbold, Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Hilde Van Den Bulk - 2002 - The Media Book - United Kingdom - Hodder Headline Group
• "Postmodernism  can be seen as:
• a practical within the cultural society industries - that is, one can be a post-modern film-maker, artist, write etc
• a sociological condition, which many believe that the western world is moving into, or may ne already in
• a set of philosophical ideas concerning the shifting, transient nature of  reality in a post-industrial society
• a combination of the above and more"
• How Post-Modernism is seen and how we can determin it.
• Martin Barker and Julian Petley - 1997 - Ill Effects: The Media/Violence debate - United Kingdom - Roteledge.
• "At the trial, the judge speculated on what might haveprooted the killing. He wondered if there wasnt a connection with violent videos. he didtn mention any perticular flms, but the press had been primed, and one film, childs play III, became their target. However, it soon became clear that, despice police effors, there was not a scrap of evidence that the boys watched the film. Did this failure priduce retractions of the claim. Did any of the newspapers, or Alton, or the other campagners, admit they had been wrong? Not one."
• " Most of us have no have no chance to check claims in cases like this. We are therefore dependent on how the facts are presented to us by the media. In fact, if we want an example of media effects, this is probably the clearest we can get! And it is very tempting to welcomme and accept quick-fix explinations that seem to 'make sense'."
• Media Studies: AS & A2 - 2008 - Pearson Longman
• "A game which, for example, rewars anti-social behaviour without consequence is likely to be placed in a more restrictive catagory than one which gives free rein to aggresive impulses - Carmageddom being a prime example. The conrern here is morstl to do with pissible effects on impressionmable children and younger pepole, coupeled to a psychological model which sugests that rewarding anti-social behaviour at an early stage of developmen is lekely to have a lasting impact upon them in later life and , consequencly, on the greater society at large."
• "Frederic Jameson identified stages of capitalism which have lef to the development of the postmodernist culture and society:
• Market Capitalism, associated ith particular technological developments, i.e. the steam-driven moror, and with a particlar kind of aesthetics - realism
• Monopoly capitalism, assocaiated with technological developments, especially electricity - and modrnism art
• Multinational or consumer capitalsim, associated with sophisticated nucleur and electronical technologies, and correlated with postmodernism"
• "For Baudrillard, a postmodrnism sociey is comprised of simulacra, not originals - not only the obvious simulacrum of a poster copy of a famous painting but also a television programme, for example - there is no original programme which all the others copy, only the copies of themselves."
• Jim Powel, Joe Lee - Postmodernism for beginners
• "After all , many 20th-century supermen have proven that you have to destory in order to create."
• " Now we live in in a culture that esteems presence over absence, icon over non-existance, vuluptious virgin over vacant vacuum, wholes over holes!"
• Sense and Nonscence about crime, drugs and comunities: a policy guide
• "Crime in America hit a 35 year low in 2008. The national crime victimization survey reported that in 2008 rates of both violated crime and property crime reached the lowest level recorded since the NCVS was inniciated in 1973."
• When Children Kill Children - David A Green
• " Each boy blamed the other though venables admitted, comlicity druring the interviews. They were both formally charged on the evening of 20 February."
• " Some detaisl of the murder itself appeared to be similar to some violent depictions in the movie Childs PLay III, believed by some to have been rented by the father of one of the killers"
• Rumours of our progress has been greatly exaggerated
• Boys were told they could grow up to do whtever they wanted. girls including me, were encouraged to be teachers, nurses, and secutries.  
  

Internet/Web Research:

Key:

• Red : Article Title and Quote
• Blue: Hyper link Web Adresses
• Green: Explanation 

• Crime and Deviance - Key Perspectives Revision
• A ten point guide to Postmodernism and Crime
  Summary of Postmodernist approaches to Crime – very much a simplified and potted version.
  1. Society has changed – socially, economically, culturally, and politically.
  2. Identity is now about consumption, not class, race, gender. We can choose our identity now. Nb critics of pomo say we have to choose, we are forced to choose.
  3. There is a consumer culture – this is how identity is created, and e.g. through mass media, not through class, race, gender.
  4. Consumer culture promotes individualism.
  5. So people think of themselves as individuals. They are free of obligations to others.
  6. This means that there are no rules in a sense – you can do what you want.
  7. At the same time, if there are big gaps between expectations and achievements (the haves and the have-nots) it can result in a ‘culture of resentment’.
  8. This means that there is no reason why people shouldn’t commit crime to get what they want – so they can make their choices in terms of identity.
  9. Other sociologists, influenced by postmodernism, use the idea of social exclusion – there are big gaps between the haves and have nots and ‘wild spaces’ (Lash and Urry) of cities where poor and rich live right next to each other. This leads to distrust and resentment and high crime rates.
  10. Globalisation. Crime is now a global phenomenon, e.g. organized crime crosses national boundaries. People in Britain can be victims of crime committed a long way overseas.  Or crime committed in the UK can be part of a network of international crime, e.g. cars stolen in UK and sold in Africa or elsewhere.  This means there is more risk and its harder to control crime.
• http://tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/sociology/comments/crime-and-deviance-key-perspectives-revision/
• How different people see crime in media, social divide and difference between different culture and different aspects

• The ultimate postmodern spectacle
  
  
  Celebrity trials, like those of OJ Simpson and Michael Jackson, are sometimes loosely called postmodern, meaning that they are media spectaculars thronged with characters who are only doubtfully real.
  
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1491420,00.html
  Feminism: what went wrong?




• My daughter and her friends are hard-working, sensible girls who care about exams and don't aspire to be models for Nuts or Heat, as far as I am aware. No doubt there is an element of irony, and mother-bating, in her wish-list. But there is a serious problem with the mindless hedonism that grew out of Girl Power and learnt its morals from Sex and the City, a problem which Natasha Walter examines in her new book, Living Dolls: The Return of Sexism.


•  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/6969532/Feminism-what-went-wrong.html




• Violent video games linked to aggression in children


• The link between video games and aggressive behaviour was analysed in comparative studies in Japan and the United States in a bid to determine how closely they were connected.
  The results, which were published in this month's journal Pediatrics, showed that despite cultural differences and disparities in crime rates, children across the spectrum were affected equally by playing games


• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/3376397/Violent-video-games-linked-to-aggression-in-children.html


• Readers' Responses: Opinions on Media Violence
  
  We are now living in a violent world and the disheartening part of it is there are a lot of violent cases which involve youngsters-they are the masterminds of all this evil doing or they are the victims themselves. Should media violence be responsible on that?http://www.topics-mag.com/readers/media-violence-forum.htm


• 
  


• The early years of TV


• Dixon of Dock Green has come to represent the ‘golden era’ of policing, when a clip round the ear was enough to deter most young criminals, and crime was considered not only solvable, but even preventable by a good bobby on the beat.


• 
  http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/mm21_rep_police.html


• A beginners’ guide to...Laura Mulvey


• In practice, Mulvey’s work is often misunderstood or at least grossly over-simplified. Vaguely referring to ‘the gaze’ as the way every male audience member objectifies every female character into a sexual entity fails fully to explain how this process takes place, and ignores the all-important issue of identification with the protagonist.
  
  http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/mm21_theory_mulvey.html


• scary statistics about makeup / what are you afraid of?•One of of five boyfriends have never seen their girlfriends without makeup- not even in bed.http://dreamingiris.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/scary-statistics-about-makeup/
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  •41% of the women polled said they would be mortified if a colleague saw them without makeup.
  
  
  •One of of five said they would not let even close girlfriends see them without makeup.
  
  
  •One third would not even consider leaving home unarmed with a full grooming kit—including lip balm, eyeliner, deodorant, and hairbrush.
  
  
  •71% said they are much prettier with makeup on.
  


• CONFESSIONS OF A FEMINIST
  Some girls feel guilty about wanting to wear makeup. That's how I felt. I believe that all women should be treated equally, no matter what they look like. So I kept my curiosity about makeup a secret, afraid to betray my beliefs about equality. Well, there's a new secret, and this is one you can tell everyone-you CAN wear makeup and be a feminist


• http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/girls/confessions.html


• A Feminist Perspective on Women and Crime


• Such androcentric studies urged many feminist writers to develop theories that engaged in negative and/or reactive projects and/or criticised social, theoretical, and political relations, thereby challenging theories that currently existed. Critique and construct were important creative alternatives for the production of feminist, not simply anti-sexist theory, and without them according to Grosz, problems of the past, especially patriarchal assumptions, could have been repeated (1990: 59). According to Spelman, feminist theory has not changed all that much and has neglected to include the 'problem of difference'. She suggests that 'feminists have extrapolated the condition of the most privileged type of woman - the white, middle-class, heterosexual - to all women' and the 'conflation of women in feminist theory has not produced a melting pot of different ages, colours and classes' (1988: 4). She also suggests that white feminist criminologists, although objecting to the 'stereotypical representations of female offenders', have had little to say about indigenous women or those from developing countries. To fail to see differences in racial groups is to 'reinstate the white woman's assumption that the problem is always first one of gender, never one of difference' (Spelman, 1988: 57-58). This apparent absence of race and other factors such as employment are mentioned in the following discussion.


• 
  http://www.keltawebconcepts.com.au/efemcrim1.htm